Iran's two and a half thousand-year empire and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
(Photo: File)Iran's two and a half thousand-year empire and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
In 1971, when we had entered the youth and in our country, after the 1970 elections in East Pakistan and West Pakistan, the transfer of power was delayed and the political crisis increased. started celebrating the two and a half thousand year reign in Iran which continued throughout the year.
The city of Quetta, which was built by the British in 1878, and its most beautiful and important street that goes from south to north, today on this street are the buildings of Governor House, Chief Minister House, Secret, Balochistan Provincial Assembly, Balochistan High Court. Apart from the large government bungalows of the highest officials, the street was named Lytton Road after Lord Lytton, Viceroy of India in 1878.
On the celebration of two and a half thousand years by the emperor of Iran, this street was renamed to Shariah Reza Shah Pahlavi, later the name of this road was changed to Shariah Zarghoon after Mount Zarghoon, this celebration is being celebrated not only in Iran. Rather, at that time, the two and a half thousandth anniversary of the Emperor of Iran was being celebrated in Pakistan as well because Iran, Turkey and Pakistan were participating in the RCD Regional Cooperation for Development organization and the highway connecting Pakistan, Iran and Turkey. It is still called RCD Highway.
When we were students, when we did not understand something, we used to inquire from our father. His study was very extensive and he was also a visionary. Explaining the situation very clearly, he said that before the celebration of the two and a half thousand year kingdom, the rule of Iran was historically associated with the Rashidah Caliphate.
In the history of Iran, there have been other emperors, but King Cyrus the Great whose reign was from 590 BC to 529 BC is very important. After that, 12 more emperors of the Cyrus Empire remained until 330 BC, but Cyrus the Great He was called the greatest emperor in the history of whose empire was spread all over the known world at that time and the area of his empire was 5.5 million square kilometers and undoubtedly he kept his system of empire very standard for that time. was
Yes, it is certain that Iraq, the land of the Tigris River, the Euphrates River, Babylon and Nineveh was also a developed society like the Iranian civilization, in which a king like Hammurabi gave a formal constitution for the first time in the world in terms of state and government, and these laws It was engraved on a large stone tablet at the most important intersection of the city of Babylon, in which the rights and duties of the people from the people to the king, the prime minister and the high officials were determined. I, a great but arrogant king like Bakht Nasr had passed away who surprised the world by building high-rise buildings and hanging gardens in those days.
He also made great victories, he massacred more than 40,000 Jews after the victory of Palestine and captured the rest of the Jews from Palestine and brought them to Iraq and forced them to live a very humiliating life here in exile. There is a tradition about Bakht Nasr who was Dahriya that when he was intoxicated with his power and authority, he proudly said that there is someone who can fight him. It was written on the wall that the downfall of your kingdom is written.
Today, this proverb is used in every language of the world and the surprising thing is that every ruler ignores it like Bakht Nasr. Cyrus the Great, by comparison, was a great man, and culturally he can probably be considered a peer of Hemo-Rabi.
Similarly, Zoroastrian in Iran before Cyrus, the founder of Iranian Zoroastrianism, whom the Persians, i.e. fire worshipers, consider their prophet, lived from 628 BC to 551 BC, at first there was much opposition to his religion, born in northern Iran in 628 BC At the age of 40, the future Zoroastrian took the King of Northern Iran, "Dashtapsa", as his consort. Zoroastrian died at the age of 77. The book of Persian religion is Avasta.
In this religion, the gods of good and evil are mentioned, but they believe that the only God is the God of goodness. Like the Jews, in their religion, it is that a person who is not the child of a fire-worshipping mother and father is a Parsi or a fire. By the time of Cyrus, the Zoroastrian religion of Zoroastrianism, which emerged from the cold region of Iran, had become a major religion.
In the history of the world, Judaism and Zoroastrianism are probably the only religions that are connected with narrow-minded nationalism and nationalism with the basis of religion, and that is why today only one hundred thousand fire worshipers are left around the world and about eight billion people of the whole world. The total number of Jews in the population is a little more than one and a half million.
However, Cyrus the Great had a vast empire that extended into Central Asia, the Middle East, and Turkey. When the same Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon, after some time he resettled these exiled Jews back to Palestine with honor and respect.
To this day, if the Jews consider anyone holy and honorable after their prophets, it is Cyrus the Great. Thus, when the emperor of Iran, Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, connected the foundation of his Iranian empire with Cyrus the Great, he did the same arrogant way. Adopted nationalism, on the basis of which religious nationalists consider other nations and human beings inferior to themselves.
It should be noted that when Islam came to the world, at that time Rome and Iran "Persia" were the two powers of the world. There is a tradition regarding the birth of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) that when he was born in Mecca, the fire that had been burning continuously for centuries in the central hearth of Iran was suddenly extinguished once and his religious leaders understood that the world The Prophet of Allah (PBUH) has come to me, then the spiritual relationship or relationship with Iran was born when Hazrat Salman Farsi (RA) was born to the lover of the Prophet (PBUH) from Iran.
When he was young, Allah Almighty awakened the light of seeking the truth in his heart. He left Iran and traveled to Syria, which was the center of Christianity at that time, in search of the truth, where he went to the Christian center and the Christian religion. accepted, but the greatest religious leader here was dishonest and a bad person, while his deputy was a good and honest leader, he said to Hazrat Salman RA that you are looking for the true Prophet of Allah, according to my knowledge. He has come to the world as a true prophet and tell us three signs for recognition
Number 1. Where they live, there are thick palm groves
Number 2. They don't take charity, but they do accept 'gifts'
Number 3. On his back is the Seal of Prophethood between the two shoulders
After that, Hazrat Salman Farsi joined a caravan and went in search of the Holy Prophet.
On reaching there, Salman Farsi finally recognized the Holy Prophet. It was Hazrat Salman Farsi who had told the Holy Prophet on the occasion of the Battle of the Trench that in Iran on such occasions a defensive war is fought by digging a trench and then following his advice. While doing this, a trench was dug and a battle was fought, the enemies of the infidels of Makkah retreated.
The pride of Iranian nationalism was arrogance. When Bani Karim sent letters to the kings of different countries of the world, including Iran, inviting them to Islam, then the arrogant king of Iran, Ghosroes, tore the letter of the Prophet, upon which he cursed for him. It was said that your empire will also be disintegrated in the same way and then it happened, during the time of Hazrat Umar Farooq, Iran was conquered.
The last king of Iran, Emperor Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, also abandoned the history of Iran which was related to the Rashidah Caliphate in terms of governance and attached himself to the history of Cyrus the Great instead of Islam, celebrating two and a half thousand years of empire in Iran. If celebrated, at that time he had lost the ability to read the 'written wall' on the pride of Bakht Nasr of Babylon. The king did not realize that a religious scholar, Imam Khomeini, whom he had satisfied by banishing to his country, would destroy the pride of the two and a half thousand-year-old monarchy exactly nine years later.
In the ancient history of Iran, there were 35 kingdoms in these two and a half thousand years, and during this time the total number of rulers, kings, and emperors was 416. Or it didn't happen all at once, and according to the poet, it can be done in a moment.
The Empire of Iran spread over a wide area before and after the arrival of Islam, this empire was competing with Rome, Turkey, Russia, Nadir Shah Afshar was the last Iranian emperor whose empire was larger It extended to Central Asia, Afghanistan, the Middle East, the Sultanate of Oman and many areas of today's Pakistan were also under the control of Iran. Nader Shah had raided India during the reign of Mughal Emperor Mohammad Shah Rangela and returned to Iran after looting huge treasure including Takht-i-Tawas and Koh Noor Hera. The reign of Nadir Shah Afshar lasted from March 8, 1736 to June 20, 1747. After that, the Afshari Sultanate or the kingdom lasted over a large area including Iran until 1796, and during this time there were 7 kings of this family.
During this time Zand Kingdom, the reign of Zand Kingdom also lasted from 1751 to 1794 and 9 kings of this family were in power. This period was also important for the British East India Company and the foundation of the British Empire in the wars with Napoleon in the Middle East and later in Europe, and the East India Company and the British Empire also won major victories during this period.
In 1799, the British East India Company won a major victory for India against Sultan Fateh Ali Tipu in Mysore, and with the help of the East India Company, which had a stronger base in India, Britain also managed to establish its influence in Iran. It happened, in the same period, Britain had started implementing the plan to establish a foothold in the Middle East, especially the Persian Gulf region, especially the Sultanate of Oman.
If we study the history deeply, it cannot be denied the fact that British planning and strategy has always been excellent but at the same time there were many historical occasions where luck favored the British. Conspiracies, battles and wars in Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia mainly between Russia and Britain regarding the Great Game had started from this period, in the same period from November 1, 1856 to April 4, 1857, five months and three days, the Anglo-Prussian War. As the war continued, it was fought between the Iranian Qajar kings and the claimant emirs of Heart, who were supported by the rulers of Kabul and the British, and had the military assistance of the East India Company, based in India. .
The Iranian army was commanded by the Iranian emperor of the Qajar dynasty, Thomasip Mirza, and General Nasruddin, while the East India Company's army, which also received the support of Afghanistan, was commanded by General James Cotram. MG Faster and Dost Muhammad on behalf of Afghanistan, British and British forces were about 100,000 while the Iranian army was less than that, Iran was defeated in the war, resulting in the Treaty of Fars and Iran withdrawing from Herat. This war had to end on April 4, 1857, i.e. a month and 6 days before the Indian War of Independence. At both places the British would have been defeated.
According to the agreement, Iran handed over Herat to Dost Muhammad of Afghanistan in 1863, but at the same time the wars between Iran and Russia continued between 1804 and 1813 and then between 1826 and 1828. Thousands of people of Russia and Iran were killed, this war took place on the occupation and claim of Georgia and other areas by Russia and finally the "Gulistan" agreement was made between Russia and Iran, the territories of Georgia were handed over to Russia and Iran's right to the territories of Dagestan, Armenia and Azerbaijan was recognized, then after the Russo-Iran-Persian War of 1826 to 1828, the territories of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan were also taken away from Iran. .
In 1881, Iran officially recognized Russia's occupation of Turkmenistan under the Treaty of Akhal, ending 160 years of war and conflict between Iran and Russia.
At the turn of the 20th century, Iran, once a major empire and a power in the region compared to Turkey, Russia, no longer had that status. On the other hand, in the world, constitutions were being introduced in the system of monarchy in the kingdoms, especially in Europe, this process became very strong from the eighteenth century AD and the color of people's democracy had also been included in the system of monarchies, but in our country. In the Ottoman Empire, Afghanistan and Iran, such political reforms were not yet introduced, the kings were absolute.
After the revolutionary situation in Iran, the first constitution came into force in 1905. The Qajar royal family was in power for 126 years from 1799 to 1925, but during this time, Iran continued to decline, but the Iranian nation was a royalist nation until that time. She was still hoping from the Qajar Empire that these kings would restore the greatness of Iran once again, but it did not happen. Under the constitution of 1905, the parliament was established in Iran in 1906, but the democratic mood did not come. In 1909, the Qajar king was once again defeated by Russia and Russia occupied some areas of northern Iran. In 1911, Chajak Khan's jungle movement against the Qajar kingdom began.
During the First World War, Great Britain occupied the western part of Iran, then the First World War began, so although Iran did not participate directly in this war, the Turks massacred the Armenians from 1914 to 1920. Then, in 1921, the worst famine in history hit Iran and between 800,000 and 100,000,000 people died.
Now the Iranians were really against the Qajar Empire and wanted a change, because Mustafa Kemal Pasha had liberated and secured Turkey after the defeat of the Ottoman Caliphate in Iran's neighbor Turkey and introduced a modern, modern society. At the same time, Iran's other neighbor, Ghazi Amanullah Khan in Afghanistan, had completely liberated Afghanistan by fighting the third Anglo-Afghan war against the British government of India.
In the same year, the throne of the Qajar king was overthrown in Iran and General Reza Shah became the prime minister and then in 1925 Reza Shah declared his monarchy, thus the Pahlavi Empire began in Iran. During World War I, Lenin in Russia. And Stalin brought the communist revolution.
Mineral oil is very important in the modern history of Iran. The British oil company discovered oil deposits here on May 26, 1908. In 1909, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company started producing oil here. Rast obtained control rights over it and agreed not to change it for 37 years in the future. Prosperity did not come and Iran did not develop.
From 1925 to 1941, Reza Shah, the first king of the Pahlavi dynasty, who was the father of the last king of Iran, Muhammad Reza Shah, ruled, during this time, tensions between the two began in Iran due to the interests of Great Britain and the Soviet Union.
After the Qahar Shahi dynasty, when Pahlavi General Reza Shah came to power, the people pinned their hopes on him. Meanwhile, the Shah had handed over a railway project in Iran to a German company, when World War II started.
There was a treaty of alliance between the Soviet Union and Germany which was broken by Germany's Hitler and then the Soviet Union joined the ranks of the Allies against Germany. Now both Britain and the Soviet Union wanted arms to be shipped from here and this railway project was used in it, which was refused by the German manager of the German-Iran Railway Project.
Thus, Soviet troops entered Iran from the north and British troops entered Khuzestan and central Iran, although at this point Reza Shah was advised by his son to accept the Soviet Union and Great Britain and the German railway project. Let them use it for the delivery of arms, but Raza Shah refused.
After that, Mohammad Reza Shah, the son of Reza Shah, who was born on October 26, 1919, was made the king of Iran at the age of 22. The first marriage was with the Egyptian princess Fawzia, which is said to have been an alliance between Iran, Turkey, and Iraq at that time, and Turkish President Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Pasha wanted Egypt to join the alliance, so he The king of Iran was advised to marry his son to the princess of the king of Egypt, so Muhammad Reza Shah's first marriage was with the Egyptian princess Fawzia in 1939. This queen remained as the queen of Iran until 1948. The relationship between the two could never be happy.
Muhammad Raza Shah's second marriage was with Queen Soraya Esfandi Bakhtari in 1951 and this marriage lasted until 1958. And the crown prince could not be born from Queen Soraya. Muhammad Raza Shah wanted him to marry second time being Queen Soraya, but Soraya could not bear it, so after the divorce, Emperor Raza Shah married Farah Diba for the third time, with whom he became the crown prince on October 31, 1960. The birth was followed by the coronation of the emperor.
Emperor Mohammad Reza Shah faced his first serious political crisis on July 21, 1952, when Dr. Mossadeq was elected by a landslide as the 35th Prime Minister of Iran. He was the Prime Minister of Iran until August 19, 1953, who was against the interests of Britain and America in Iran. As soon as he came to power, he nationalized the British oil company and the situation became so bad that the king's life and kingdom were threatened, and then the king left Iran.
Dr. Mossadeq belonged to the left and had the support of the Soviet Union, then a few days later, the government of Dr. Mossadeq Hussain was overthrown by the conspiracy of the American CIA and the British intelligence agency, in which the important role was played by Iranians. The army paid, Prime Minister Dr. Mossadegh Hussain was arrested and when the emperor returned to Iran, Dr. Mosadegh was tried, first it was said that he would be sentenced to death, later he was sentenced to life imprisonment. was given and his house was declared a prison, where he died in 1967 and was buried in the courtyard of his house. After 1953, the Shah of Iran was grateful and benevolent to America on the one hand, but on the other hand, he now took strict measures to suppress and eliminate his opponents.
The Iranian intelligence agency had now become a symbol of fear and terror throughout the country. If anyone moved his tongue even a little, he would be arrested and killed or severely tortured, and some would be deported. Iran had recognized Israel and was considered a US soldier in Iranian territory and the Persian Gulf.
Similarly, President Ayub Khan and then President General Yahya Khan were also considered to be supported by the United States, and Saudi Arabia was also recognized as a supporter of the United States. While celebrating two and a half years, major changes in the world had begun. In July 1971, US Secretary Henry Kissinger made a secret visit to China from Pakistan and paved the way for talks between Chairman Mao Zedong, Prime Minister Chuan Lai and US President Nixon. was
On December 16, after the war with India in Pakistan, Iran's eastern neighbor, the eastern part separated and became Bangladesh. In the same year, Emperor Muhammad Raza Shah also made an official visit to India and further strengthened the close relations with India. What was the promise? In 1972, US-China relations were strengthened, and China was given not only a seat in the United Nations General Assembly in place of Taiwan, but also a veto power and permanent membership in the Security Council. In the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Syria, Jordan, Egypt and their allies won a partial victory over Israel.
This was a bad omen for the United States and Britain, but when Arab countries used oil as a weapon on diplomatic and foreign fronts in the 1973 war, the situation became critical due to this strategy. Then in 1974, when Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto organized the Islamic Summit Conference under the OIC in Lahore, in which heads of Arab countries sat despite their ideological differences, such as the President of Libya Colonel Gaddafi and King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, it was also for Iran. were creating political confusion and more than doubled the price of oil, the United States had full confidence in Iran at this point that Iran would use its position in favor of the United States compared to all other oil-producing countries. And will continue to supply its oil and will not increase the price.
The United States had great faith in the Emperor of Iran, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, because the United States brought the Emperor back under the control of the CIA in 1953, but it was very difficult for the Emperor of Iran, and it was also a golden opportunity for him. Like the Arab countries, they could increase Iran's annual income and per capita annual income by increasing their oil prices. No one will take any action against Iran because Pakistan's Prime Minister Bhutto was not ready to pay any price for America, then King Faisal of Saudi Arabia also deviated from the American policy in terms of the price of oil and the war against Israel. had done while Iran was a country which, like Turkey, had recognized Israel and had diplomatic relations with it, so the emperor of Iran also increased the price of oil in the same proportion as the Arab countries. And the US did not immediately react.
In the same year, Sardar Daud Khan overthrew Zahir Shah in a rebellion against the centuries-old monarchy in Afghanistan. At that time, the balance of world power seemed to be shifting in favor of the Soviet Union. One of the main reasons for the partial success of the Arabs in the 1973 Arab-Israeli war was the Russian-made SAM missiles, which were acquired by the late Jamal Nasser and successfully used by Anwar Sadat.
It should be noted that this was such an important war of that time in the world in which missiles were used for the first time, but the Islamic Sarbarhi Conference in the city of Lahore in Pakistan also impressed the former Soviet Union because this conference On the other hand, there were leaders of Arab countries with capitalist ideas and belonging to the American bloc, and on the other hand, there were heads of Arab countries with communist ideas and belonging to the Russian bloc, all gathered in the name of Islam. and many important decisions were taken in this Islamic head conference in the spirit of Islamic unity.
This situation was ideologically opposed to the United States despite ideological and ideological politics and policy for the Soviet Union. (A, B, C) had compiled, against the Emperor of Iran, Imam Khomeini was exiled when the Emperor approved a law on October 28, 1964, under which all American military missions in Iran The individuals were declared diplomatic equivalents, meaning US troops in Iran had the authority under the Vienna Convention to do whatever they wanted without Iranian law.
On the second day, October 29, 1964, Imam Khomeini gave the famous speech in the Madrasah of Qom, which proved to be the milestone of the Iranian revolution. For this speech, Imam Khomeini was arrested and deported after the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. The Islamic Summit Conference held in Lahore in 2008, these were such events that after them the Cold War entered its extreme stage in the entire region.
Global Muslim unity was not acceptable to both the Soviet Union and the United States, so both blocs had made their own strategies to break this Muslim unity. This Muslim alliance, which was still in its initial stage at the Islamic Summit Conference in Lahore, then there was a severe cold war based on American and Soviet interests, two years before this conference, in February 1972, when Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto appointed the interim By creating a constitution, the parliamentary democratic system was restored in the country and on the basis of the results of the 1970 elections held in Balochistan, which was given the status of a province for the first time, the party of the first Chief Minister of Balochistan, Sardar Atta Mengal, Nap and Jamiat. After the implementation of the constitution of 1973, the first provincial government of Balochistan was abolished by Bhutto in an undemocratic manner after only 9 months. The Chief Minister was Maulana Mufti Mehmood.
He also resigned in protest. Armed resistance started in Balochistan immediately after that. Bhutto used this opportunity to pressure the emperor and made the emperor believe that the Baloch not only wanted the separation of Balochistan from Pakistan. Rather, they do not want to include Iranian Balochistan and Sistan in the name of independent Balochistan. By giving importance to India, Pakistan does not want to tell Pakistan that Pakistan's neighbors do not have very good relations with India and Pakistan with Afghanistan, so Pakistan is forced to maintain ties with Iran and by keeping Iran under pressure from Pakistan. He wanted relations and then Iran gave the impression to Pakistan that after East Pakistan became Bangladesh, Pakistan has now come to a weaker position.
On the one hand, Bhutto established good relations with Syria, Egypt, and Libya ahead of Iran. On the other hand, when the Baloch resistance started in Baluchistan, this impression was given that the same situation would happen in Iran. After that, Bhutto adopted a strategy. And the emperor took a careless attitude regarding Pakistan's relations with Iran, so the emperor got nervous and started helping from Iran, especially to Balochistan, Mercedes buses were gifted to all the colleges and high schools in Quetta and Lasbella. Textile mills were built, butum and marine universities are now established in the buildings of these mills, and then aid funds were also given from the point of view of security. Bhutto organized an ideal feast for him after special decoration in the cultural monuments of Mohenjo-daro in Larkana. After the departure of Bhutto's government in July 1977, martial law of General Zia-ul-Haq was imposed. The basic impression of this government is also Islamic. The year after Nizam's regime, Sardar Dawood's regime was overthrown in Afghanistan and direct Soviet intervention began.
At the same time, the movement against the emperor intensified in Iran. On September 8, 1978, the army opened fire on a large protesting crowd in Tehran and a large number of people took sides. Day was declared, after which the hopes of reconciliation also ended and the power of the Shah ended on January 16, 1979. In 1974, for the first time, the Shah of Iran was diagnosed with blood cancer. After that, the Shah reduced his public appearances. In 1978, the Shah canceled a long tour of Hungary and Bulgaria. He spent the winter at a royal resort on the shores of the Caspian Sea. He was treated by forensic doctor Jean Bernard. , and this was known to the French government after some time, and in September 1978, this news was also known to the American government, after which the emperor tried to buy the island in Bhamans in exile, but due to the pressure of the people there. This was not possible. Long story short, he could not get political asylum in any western country including the United States. Finally, he got asylum in Egypt and here he died in Qaira on July 27, 1980 due to cancer. He lived in the world from 1970 to 1977. He was the richest and most powerful emperor.
Thus, the powerful emperor of that time finally had to surrender to the power of the people, then he left the world in exile so that he could not even be buried in the kingdom and country where he was the king. Biased historians and researchers rank Iran's revolution on par with the French Revolution and the Soviet Union's Collaborative Revolution. On April 18, 2023, when I was completing this article, a month ago, this news surprised the United States and Europe that the conflicts between Iran and Saudi Arabia are ending due to China's efforts, and soon there will be an agreement between the two countries. The contract will be done.
At the same time, China started efforts to establish a stable and lasting peace between Hamas, Hezbollah, the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli authorities on the basis of two nations and two states in Israel and Palestine, and on April 18, 2023, it A meeting was also held in Riyadh, and on the same day, Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi, the son of the late Muhammad Reza Shah, not only visited Israel at the invitation of the son of the Israeli Defense Minister, but instead of attending the Al-Aqsa Mosque, he visited the holy wall of the Jews. But he attended with his begum princess and on this occasion he paid homage to Cyrus the great and said that the great Iranian emperor who built the temple here for the second time gave freedom to the Jewish nation.
He also talked about the revolution under these ideas. Now it is not known whether he will visit his father's grave in Cairo after his visit to Israel or not, and whether he will go to Iraq and secretly visit Bakht Nasr. You will be able to read this written sentence, which was the inscription on the wall and was also for his son, the Emperor of Iran. However, on February 11, 1979, the power of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the last emperor of Iran and the world's richest, most powerful and autocratic, ended. And about one year and five months after that, he died on July 27, 1980 in Cairo, Egypt.
No comments: